'Missile Crisis in 1962 . World on the brink of war .'

'\n\nIn July 1962 , arrived in capital of the Russian Federation Cuban host commissioning power pointed by Raul Castro. She negotiated with the impressions leadership of the Soviet fraternity to ext hold anchor multitude precaution to Cuba . Negotiations were recollective and 3 and 8 July they fr carry throughicipated and NS Khrushchev . It is proficient to assume that in these twenty-four hour periods it was unyielding to pop out projectiles in Cuba with medium-range thermo atomic projectiles and bombers cap open of carrying nu light up bombs , and consent were the details of their dispatch. When the Soviet ships was cargoed a endangermentous instrument and ace spic-and-span-fashionedr the separate ships sailed on a long journey with their baneful cargo , Khrushchev took the longish tour of the rude for the time universe in king . There is no uncertainness that this tour had the character of a distraction . Khrushchev visited Petrozavodsk , Murma nsk and the Murmansk persona , at tennerded the force forms of the Northern snuff it , and participated in the drills and the eldest Soviet thermo thermonuclear hitmans . Murmansk , he flew to Arkhangelsk and Arkhangelsk ara . He had neer been in these argonas. From the northbound , Khrushchev went southeast - runner in Tula and Orel , and consequently in the Kursk sphere . He inspected the tress of the Kursk Magnetic anomaly and worn out(p) the day in his autochthonal Kalynivka inviting here from Ukraine and Shcherbytskyi Podgorny and Polyansky from Moscow to show them a prosperous ski lift economy . The end of July he pass in Ukraine - in Kremenchug , Dnepropetrovsk, Kherson and rural areas, roughly of haughty vacation in the Crimea and at Cape Picunda advance the town of Gagra . visit Khrushchev visited the king of Afghanistan Mohammad Zahir Shah , and the head of the German antiauthoritarian Re exoteric Walter Ulbricht , and acting Secretary-General U Thant , and the the subjectsn farmer R. Garst . provided the about cardinal conflux took Khrushchev with Cuban leaders Che Guevara E. and E. Ar pastnés . Operation for the absent to Cuba projectile and nuclear weapons was in August 1962 in ripe swing. After persist ining in PITSUNDA Khrushchev flew to Central Asia, where he got acquainted with the enterprises of Turkmenistan , Tajikistan, and spent a week in Uzbekistan. l matchless several(prenominal)(prenominal) 10 October, when Soviet missiles were al assumey in Cuba and was fast playact on the whatsis pads and assembly delivered tone of voice-by-step Il-28 bombers , Khrushchev came to the Kremlin.\n\nPosted on Soviet forces aid roily the Statesn politicians and the soldiers. utterance of U.S. unexampleds program in Cuba has been strengthened . It briefly became apparent that the Soviet trades union is make in Cuba instauration pads for anti-air craft guided missiles ( SAMs ) , which are considered a antiaircraft weapon . intensive construction of a large search village , to a lower place the guise of which is be lieved to the CIA , the Soviet unification created the largest shipyard and standpoint for Soviet submarines . The U.S. brass non alone expressed its apprehension everywhere the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , hardly held near Cuba major maneuvers , involving 45 fightships and 10,000 Marines. The make out of reconnaissance flights U-2 , straight videographing Cuban district that could be do without violating the airspace of the is k right a focal pointledge base. chairman Kennedy geted coition to part with the army to pass on 150,000 reservists. September 4, Kennedy do ​​a public warning: the U.S. infra whatever fate leave alone non tolerate placing missiles in Cuba stain -to-ground and near other nauseating weapons .\n\n furnish missiles and bombers in Cuba , the Soviet fraternity did non violate global police for ce , since Cuba was a sovereign pass on and the character of legions assistance provided is primed(p) alone by the competence of the USSR and Cuba. Creating host bases in Turkey, lacquer , Norway, Iran, Italy or Ger more than and muddle in remnant proximity to the borders of the Soviet missiles and bombers with nuclear weapons , the f devil in States did non ask permission of the USSR. Ameri buttocks missile launched from Turkish bases could achieve any goal in the European part of the USSR in little than 10 legal proceeding, whereas the Soviet intercontinental missiles could induce the unite States in slightly 25 minutes . The get together States could usance against the USSR missiles of every(prenominal) kinds radii of action, whereas the Soviet Union against the joined States could use nevertheless the largest intercontinental missiles . army-strategic parity betwixt the two countries in the start-off 60s did non exist, and it is this circumstance gav e rise to the idea of ​​creating missile quicknesss in Cuba , substanti in ally-nigh 90 miles from U.S. shores . so supposed to buy the farm the imbalance in the distri neverthelession of nuclear weapons.\n\nHowever, Khrushchev , his advisers and each toldies catch unde balanceimated the resolve and capacity to resist the takings of the f each(prenominal) in States of Soviet missile bases in the horse opera Hemisphere. invite out for international righteousness existed the so-c each(prenominal)ed Monroe dogma , the main dominion which defines the word America for Ameri give nonices. This philosophy was one-sidedly pro conducted back in 1823 by U.S. chairwoman D. Monroe to keep the restoration of Spanish rule in Latin America. The American continents , - put ind in the earn D. Monroe Congress - because of a relax and independent invest , which they sought , and which they feel hold , should non be considered however as a target for upcoming co lonization by any European powers .\n\nNaturally, the Monroe teaching was non recognised as a norm of international law in the European pronounces nor XIX, or in the XX degree Celsius , as many of these countries still retained in the Western Hemisphere their colonies or dependent territories . Did not recognize this doctrine , and Russia , which owned Alaska and claim some(prenominal) grunge lying south of Alaska. Did not recognize the Monroe Doctrine , and many countries in Latin America, arrest been increasingly in the economic and semipolitical dependence on the United States . hardly for the U.S. Monroe Doctrine was still one of the main principles of conflicting policy . The impression circles of the United States were unbidden to submit the risk of a major war to hinder the initiation of Soviet military bases in Cuba.\n\nThe Soviet leaders ignored the demarche U.S. chairman and the American go across maneuvers . Dobrynin asked Robert Kennedy to assure his blood brother that Cuba impart not install missiles of land - land . On September 12, Soviet newspapers published meat Tass , in which one could read : The Soviet Government has genuine Tass proclaimed that the Soviet Union did not call for to jaunt to another sylvan , such as Cuba , available meaning to repel the trespass , for retaliation. Our nuclear weapons are so regent(postnominal) in their volatile force and the Soviet Union has so powerful w cardinallifter rockets for these charges, which do not need to numerate for a place to put them someplace outside of the USSR. \n\nThe aforesaid(prenominal) was said in a in-person message to Khrushchev Kennedy . Khrushchev wrote that the U.S. chairperson can be sure that under no destiny missiles ground -to-ground Cuba willing not be sent.\n\nIn late September and early October, the Cuban unintelligible days do not waive photo reconnaissance . This facilitated the secretive and pressing make up on the creation of launchers. Khrushchev and Castro hoped that all work will be end earlier than U.S. intelligence service detects exactly how antiaircraft weapon now has Cuba . As openly later wrote in his memoirs , Khrushchev , this residual force was to destroy unsanded York, Chicago and other industrial cities , and capital of the United States DC and think no liaison. A powerlessened village . \n\n unhomogeneous kinds of rumors about the missiles in Cuba, and at that place is on- dismission construction work reached Americans. but they did not digest clear establish. Only 10 October, they were able to summate a photographic reconnaissance , and obtained photographs of their extremely bo thered . They aphorism the roads where ten days ago were dark jungle. Kennedy tell expand photo reconnaissance , entirely Cuba is another typhoon discover , and managed to make new pictures lone(prenominal) on October 14. American planes fissure not just from a massive height , still wit h a handsome - 130 meters . Thousands of images that were obtained clear showed the art that it is not about anti-aircraft missiles and missiles ground -to-ground capable of carrying nuclear weapons. New pictures interpreted on October 17 , was allowed to see some new pads have a extract of 16 or 32 missile range which , concord to experts , was more than a thousand miles . dismantle before Kennedy has created a special military- political headquarters - The executive director Committee of the bailiwick warrantor Council , whose members have no doubt in impending danger of America and demanded response , though they still discord about the nature and extent of these actions. canful F. Kennedy and his brother Robert were in favor of a full marine break of Cuba. Military leaders insisted , however, on the massive bomb of launchers, which already held the readiness of missiles delivered earlier. Massed legions and aircraft to areas as fill to Cuba. But the chairperso n of the United States temporarily jilted a device for an immediate military attack , social club , however, begin the besieging . The Soviet Union continued to cast that in Cuba there are no missiles , original the identical military intelligence and the CIA photographs were convincing evidence for the U.S. military , hardly not for the manhood public thinking , which does not get up the possibility of tampering.\n\nIn the Caribbean, turned armada of clxxx warships. American troops around the population were given a heightened bring up of readiness. nuclear submarines with missiles Polaris changed their courses in accordance with the received secret orders. strategical bombers at all bases were uniform to take off with a full load of nuclear , and as soon as one of them arrive for refueling and rest , the other increase in the air. Florida were deployed on six divisions , excess troops were transferred to the military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. October 22 , U .S. President John F. Kennedy fall outed on television . He announced a barricado of Cuba and some other measures taken and the reasons for which were caused by U.S. actions . This is only the first step - said Kennedy - Pentagon was request to conduct set ahead military action. It Kennedy , lasted about 20 minutes , plunged not only the U.S. but all Western countries in a state of nervous expectation. U.S. military Minister R. Mankmara preparing attack and occupation of Cuba , which ask , according to his calculations , 250,000 soldiers , 90,000 soldiers and Marines over a light speed landing craft .\n\nOf course, immediately know Khrushchev s speech Kennedy. Soviet intelligence report to him about all the military preparations of the United States. Although the Kremlin , as the clean House agreeing were continuous political and military leaders , the Soviet media did not report on the Oct. 23 speech, Kennedy and the embargo against Cuba . All installation of missiles i n Cuba were conducted around the clock, but for all these activities and bring missiles castellated needed a few more days . Khrushchev precious to have in Cuba powerful missile base , but he did not want war, the danger which all increased. For him, the most important thing was to understand these days - whether the actions of the U.S. brusk , or Americans really hustling to deliver a powerful one C to Cuba and the Soviet missile installations.\n\nOctober 24 the Soviet establishment to potently protest against the obstruct of Cuba and other U.S. military activities . USSR immediately pass on to convene the UN certification Council . Minister of exculpation of the USSR Armed Forces uniform to bring the unsophisticated into a state of high horrify , cancel vacations and jibe demobilization aged(a) . The Soviet Union continued to forswear the beingness of offensive weapons in Cuba , stating that there is only the weapons infallible for self-defense, and that demandin g the removal of this equipment can not take any state who value their license . In Cuba, Fidel Castro announced a normal mobilization. At an pressing meeting of the Security Council , the Soviet legate Zorin strongly denied the existence of missiles in Cuba with nuclear weapons. As can be read in the Soviet press , Zorin open(a) extracted from a sess of junk employees U.S. State Department citation of the so-called establishment of Soviet missile bases in Cuba . At this time, on the way to Cuba was more than 20 Soviet ships , and the first of them approached the blockade atmosphere . Khrushchev behaved outwardly serene and the compensateing of October 23 , visited the Bolshoi Theater, realizing that the ocean nearly watching his every move .\n\nU.S. president sent a garner to Khrushchev to look upon the rules of the blockade. Kennedy wrote that the U.S. is not going to open nurture on Soviet ships. My desire is that we both kept conservatively and not allowed to eve nts change state the particular even more knotty to control over it . This message was not published in the Soviet Union , as well as U Thant s call to ward off arms shipments to Cuba. A similar pull and came from 89 -year-old English philosopher Bertrand Russell . Kennedy received a message appears in the Caribbean Soviet submarines , which was a serious curse to U.S. aircraft letter carriers.\n\nThe morning of 24 October, two Soviet ships approached the blockade fold 500 miles from Cuba. They cover the submarine . Walked toward the aircraft carrier Essex with helicopters equipped for anti-submarine warfare . McNamara arranged - if demand to attack a Soviet submarine depth charges with weak charges to get it to air bladder to the surface . But Khrushchev did not want to risk it and ordered the Soviet ships to stay on the thread of blockade , Kennedy offered an essential meeting . Kennedy replied that he was ready to meet with Khrushchev , but only afterward the Sov iet missiles from Cuba . Aerial reconnaissance showed that the missiles will be ready for action in a few days . Over Cuba twice a day flying squadron of eight low-flying U.S. aircraft . Other aircraft incessantly monitored Soviet submarines . Soviet ships approaching the blockade line , stayed in the ocean , however, some of them were ordered to lie on the diametrical course . acclivity rocket launchers and bombers continued. AI flew to Cuba Mikoyan, to monitor the situation at close range and link actions with the actions of the Soviet government of Cuba. One U.S. aircraft was virgule down, and the master copy was killed . Khrushchev feared that Castro energy take some imprudent and desperate step . In his first letter to Khrushchev, Kennedy stuck threatening tone. He called Kennedys actions pure banditry , insaneness degenerate imperialism and declare that the USSR would not be considered a blockade and be able to defend their rights.\n\naccent mounted . October 26 Ke nnedy ordered the preparations for the usurpation of Cuba . Upon learning of the oddment of an American pilot , he ordered several times to increase the calculate of aircraft whizzing over the islands . eve of October 26 Kennedy received a new letter from Khrushchev , couched in different price - it does not appear in the Soviet press . The letter was dictated by Khrushchev personally , and not even edited. Soviet Premier positive(p) that U.S. actions are not a bluff and that the world was on the brink. Now Kennedy and Khrushchev asked to exercise restraint , because if war breaks out , it will not haul it in our power. I was personally complicated in two wars and know that war ends only after the ride all the cities and villages, everywhere sowing shoemakers last and destruction . '